[1]  Olivier Cogis, Jérôme Palaysi, and Richard Terrat. Les machines : architecture des ordinateurs - d’une introduction historique à la définition d’une machine virtuelle universelle , January 2020.

[2]  Lloyd Strickland and Harry R. Lewis. Leibniz on Binary : The Invention of Computer Arithmetic. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2022.

[3]  A. Glaser. History of Binary and Other Nondecimal Numeration. Tomash, 1981.

[4]  Kenneth C. Smith. A multiple valued logic : A tutorial and appreciation. Computer, 21(4) :17–27, April 1988.

[5]  Saul Engelbourg. Herman Hollerith : Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. By Geoffrey D. Austrian. (New York : Columbia University Press, 1982. xvii + 418 pp. Illustrations, notes, selected bibliography, and index. $19.95.). Journal of American History, 69(4) :1008–1009, 03 1983.

[6]  Lars Heide. Punched-cards Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945. Studies in Industry and Society. Johns Hopkins University Press, United States, 2009.

[7]  Maurice V. Wilkes. Charles babbage—the great uncle of computing? Commun. ACM, 35(3) :15–ff., March 1992.

[8]  George Boole. The mathematical analysis of logic : being an essay towards a calculus of deductive reasoning. Macmillan, Barclay, & Macmillan, Cambridge, 1847.

[9]  Janet Heine Barnett. Origins of boolean algebra in the logic of classes : George boole, john venn and c. s. peirce. 2011.

[10]  Seidner Florian. History of the boolean algebra. 2012.

[11]  Michael Schroeder. A brief history of the notation of boole’s algebra. 1997.

[12]  George Strawn and George Strawn. Masterminds of punched card data processing : Herman hollerith and john billings. IT Professional, 25(6) :90–93, November 2023.

[13]  William F. Luebbert and Geoffrey Austrian. Hollerith, Herman, page 785–786. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., GBR, 2003.

[14]  Zachary S. Bischof, Romain Fontugne, and Fabián E. Bustamante. Untangling the world-wide mesh of undersea cables. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, HotNets ’18, page 78–84, New York, NY, USA, 2018. Association for Computing Machinery.

[15]  Maurice V. Wilkes. Differential analyzer, page 537–539. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., GBR, 2003.

[16]  Larry Owens. Vannevar Bush and the differential analyzer : the text and context of an early computer, page 3–38. Academic Press Professional, Inc., USA, 1991.

[17]  V. Bush. The differential analyzer. a new machine for solving differential equations. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 212(4) :447–488, 1931.

[18]  Vannevar Bush. As we may think. Interactions, 3(2) :35–46, March 1996.

[19]  Frank B. Cannonito. The gödel incompleteness theorem and intelligent machines. In Proceedings of the May 1-3, 1962, Spring Joint Computer Conference, AIEE-IRE ’62 (Spring), page 71–77, New York, NY, USA, 1962. Association for Computing Machinery.

[20]  Alan M. Turing. On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2(42) :230–265, 1936.

[21]  Charles Petzold. The Annotated Turing : A Guided Tour Through Alan Turing’s Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine. Wiley Publishing, 2008.

[22]  Arthur Evans. The lambda calculus and its relation to programming languages. In Proceedings of the ACM Annual Conference - Volume 2, ACM ’72, page 714–716, New York, NY, USA, 1972. Association for Computing Machinery.

[23]  Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, USA, 1963.

[24]  Henry S. Tropp. Stibitz, George Robert, page 1687–1689. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., GBR, 2003.

[25]  Raúl Rojas. The Z1 : architecture and algorithms of konrad zuse’s first computer. CoRR, abs/1406.1886, 2014.

[26]  AARON STRAUSS. Eniac : The first computer. The Mathematics Teacher, 69(1) :66–72, 1976.

[27]  Scott McCartney, J. Ross Macdonald, and Harvey G. Cragon. ENIAC : The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World’s First Computer. Physics Today, 53(7) :58–59, 07 2000.

[28]  M. Riordan and L. Hoddeson. Crystal Fire : The Birth of the Information Age. The Sloan technology series. Norton, 1997.

[29]  W. Shockley. Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors : With Applications to Transistor Electronics. Bell Telephone Laboratories series. Van Nostrand, 1950.

[30]  John Gilbey. Biography : The abc of computing. Nature, 468 :760–761, 2010.

[31]  Kiril Boyanov. John vincent atanasoff : the inventor of the first electronic digital computing. 2003.

[32]  Tara H. Abraham. (physio)logical circuits : The intellectual origins of the mcculloch–pitts neural networks. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 38(1) :3–25, 2002.

[33]  Jack Cowan. Neural networks : The early days. In D. Touretzky, editor, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 2. Morgan-Kaufmann, 1989.

[34]  Thomas Haigh and Mark Priestley. Colossus and programmability. IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput., 40(4) :5–27, 2018.

[35]  B. Randell. Colossus : Godfather of the Computer, pages 349–354. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1982.

[36]  Christian Robert and George Casella. A short history of markov chain monte carlo : Subjective recollections from incomplete data. Statistical Science, 26(1), February 2011.

[37]  Christian Robert and George Casella. A History of Markov Chain Monte Carlo–Subjective Recollections from Incomplete Data–. working paper or preprint, August 2008.

[38]  F.C. Williams and T. Kilburn. A storage system for use with binary-digital computing machines. Proceedings of the IEE - Part II : Power Engineering, 96 :183–200, 1949.

[39]  Andrew V. Haeff. The memory tube and its application to electronic computation. 3(24) :281–286, October 1948.

[40]  Mathieu Triclot. Norbert Wiener’s politics and the history of cybernetics. In 2nd International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science : ”The Global and the local : The history of science and the cultural integration of Europe”, pages 763–766, Cracovie, Poland, September 2006.

[41]  N. Wiener and R.R. Kline. Norbert Wiener-A Life in Cybernetics : Ex-Prodigy : My Childhood and Youth and I Am a Mathematician : The Later Life of a Prodigy. MIT Press, 2018.

[42]  David Sharp. Manchester baby simulator user guide. 2001.

[43]  S. H. Lavington. The Manchester Mark 1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Manchester, England, 1975.

[44]  Claude Elwood Shannon. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27 :379–423, 1948.

[45]  James V. Stone. Information theory : A tutorial introduction. CoRR, abs/1802.05968, 2018.

[46]  William F. Schmitt. The UNIVAC Short Code. Annals of the History of Computing, 10(1) :7–18, 1988.

[47]  M V Wilkes and W Renwick. The edsac - an electronic calculating machine. Journal of Scientific Instruments, 26(12) :385, dec 1949.

[48]  Maxime Lamothe, Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc, and Weiyi Shang. A systematic review of api evolution literature. ACM Comput. Surv., 54(8), October 2021.

[49]  Maurice Vincent Wilkes, David J. Wheeler, Stanley Gill, and Fernando J. Corbató. The preparation of programs for an electronic digital computer. 1958.

[50]  Ira W. Cotton and Frank S. Greatorex. Data structures and techniques for remote computer graphics. In Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I, AFIPS ’68 (Fall, part I), page 533–544, New York, NY, USA, 1968. Association for Computing Machinery.

[51]  C. J. Date and E. F. Codd. The relational and network approaches : Comparison of the application programming interfaces. In Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (Now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control : Data Models : Data-Structure-Set versus Relational, SIGFIDET ’74, page 83–113, New York, NY, USA, 1975. Association for Computing Machinery.

[52]  Roy Thomas Fielding and Richard N. Taylor. Architectural styles and the design of network-based software architectures. PhD thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2000. AAI9980887.

[53]  R. R. Everett. The whirlwind i computer. Electrical Engineering, 71(8) :681–686, 1952.

[54]  F. E. Hamilton and E. C. Kubie. The ibm magnetic drum calculator type 650. J. ACM, 1(1) :13–20, January 1954.

[55]  D. D. Majumder. A magnetic drum digital storage system. IETE Journal of Research, 7, 1961.

[56]  Ravi Nair. Evolution of memory architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE, 103(8) :1331–1345, 2015.

[57]  Lee Revens. The first 25 year : Acm 1947-1962. Commun. ACM, 30(10) :860–865, October 1987.

[58]  Joel E. Cohen. A Model of Simple Competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, England, 1966.

[59]  R. W. Hamming. Error detecting and error correcting codes. Bell System Technical Journal, 29(2) :147–160, 1950.

[60]  P. Kuttner. The rope memory : a permanent storage device. In Proceedings of the November 12-14, 1963, Fall Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS ’63 (Fall), page 45–57, New York, NY, USA, 1963. Association for Computing Machinery.

[61]  Lars Heide. Making Business of a Revolutionary New Technology : The Eckert-Mauchly Company, 1945–1951. In John Impagliazzo, Per Lundin, and Benkt Wangler, editors, 3rd History of Nordic Computing (HiNC), volume AICT-350 of History of Nordic Computing 3, pages 207–214, Stockholm, Sweden, October 2010. Springer. Part 6 : The Making of a Nordic Computing Industry.

[62]  Nancy Stern. The binac : A case study in the history of technology. IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput., 1(1) :9–20, July 1979.

[63]  Kazuo Goda and Masaru Kitsuregawa. The history of storage systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 100(Special Centennial Issue) :1433–1440, 2012.

[64]  The Electrical World. Number vol. 11 à 12. W.J. Johnston, 1888.

[65]  Frank Land. Remembering LEO. In Arthur Tatnall, editor, Reflections on the History of Computing : Preserving Memories and Sharing Stories, volume AICT-387 of IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology (SURVEY), pages 22–42. Springer, 2012.

[66]  David T. Caminer, John Aris, Peter Hermon, and Frank Land. LEO : the incredible story of the world’s first business computer. J. Database Manag., 10(1) :44, 1999.

[67]  Kurt W. Beyer. Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age. The MIT Press, 2009.

[68]  Harvard University. A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1985.

[69]  C. J. Bashe, W. Buchholz, G. V. Hawkins, J. J. Ingram, and N. Rochester. The architecture of ibm’s early computers. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 25(5) :363–376, 1981.

[70]  Stephen Kaisler. First Generation Mainframes : The IBM 700 Series. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, March 2018.

[71]  Donald E. Knuth. The ibm 650 : An appreciation from the field. Annals of the History of Computing, 8(1) :50–55, 1986.

[72]  Donald E. Knuth. The Art of Computer Programming Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., USA, 2nd edition, 1998.

[73]  Smruti R. Sarangi. Basic Computer Architecture. White Falcon Publishing, 1st edition edition.

[74]  J. W. Backus. The Fortran Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM. January 1956.

[75]  Albert Hoagland. History of magnetic disk storage based on perpendicular magnetic recording. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, 39 :1871 – 1875, 08 2003.

[76]  Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, Claude E. Shannon, and John McCarthy. A proposal for the dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, august 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4) :12, 2006.

[77]  John A. McKenzie. TX-O Computer History. MIT, October 1974.

[78]  V. A. Newell and F. M. Tonge. An Introduction to Information Processing Language V. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 1960.

[79]  Phillippe Dreyfuss. System design of the gamma 60. In Proceedings of the May 6-8, 1958, Western Joint Computer Conference : Contrasts in Computers, IRE-ACM-AIEE ’58 (Western), page 130–133, New York, NY, USA, 1958. Association for Computing Machinery.

[80]  R. J. Creasy. The origin of the vm/370 time-sharing system. IBM J. Res. Dev., 25(5) :483–490, September 1981.

[81]  John Backus. The history of Fortran I, II, and III, page 25–74. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1978.

[82]  Peter Naur. Successes and failures of the algol effort. ALGOL Bull., (28) :58–62, July 1968.

[83]  John McCarthy. History of LISP, page 173–185. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1978.

[84]  J.S. Kilby. Invention of the integrated circuit. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 23(7) :648–654, 1976.

[85]  Stuart Bennett. Control and the digital computer : The early years. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 35(1) :237–242, 2002. 15th IFAC World Congress.

[86]  Charlie Bachman, Dan Fogal, Jack Jones, Dick Kerr, Chuck Greenberger, David Black, Mary Hollis, Greg Dillon, Jim Sweeney, Steve Wright, Bob Bemer, Grace Murray Hopper, Bill Randall, Brian Reynolds, Danny, Bill Olle, John Young, Warren Simmons, Bob Grace, Howard Bramberg, Marty Greenville, Stan Epwood, Anaheim Bushed, Tax Metaxides, Bill McGee, John Gosden, Marty Greenfield, Jonas Raven, George Mann, Goodrich Hubert, Ron Hamm, Jim Manner, Herb Beta, Bill Keating, Peg Harper, Dick Schubert, and Herb Manative. Conference on data systems languages (codasyl) interview : May 27-28, 1969. In Computer Oral History Collection, page 26–es, USA, 1999. Smithsonian Institution Press.

[87]  Gio Wiederhold and John McCarthy. Arthur samuel : Pioneer in machine learning. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 36(3) :329–331, 1992.

[88]  John W. Backus. The syntax and semantics of the proposed international algebraic language of the zurich ACM-GAMM conference. In Information Processing, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Information Processing, UNESCO, Paris 15-20 June 1959, pages 125–131. UNESCO (Paris), 1959.

[89]  Robert Garner and Rick Dill. The legendary ibm 1401 data processing system. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 2(1) :28–39, 2010.

[90]  American Standards Association. Sectional Committee on Computers, X3 Information Processing, and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (U.S.). American Standard Code for Information Interchange : Sponsor : Business Equipment Manufacturers Association. Approved June 17, 1963. American Standards Association Incorporated, 1963.

[91]  Chuck Boyer. The 360 revolution. IBM, 2004.

[92]  Craig Partridge. The technical development of internet e-mail. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 30(2) :3–29, 2008.

[93]  B.W. Kernighan. Unix : A History and a Memoir. Independently Published, 2020.

[94]  Robert Sedgewick. The analysis of quicksort programs. Acta Inf., 7(4) :327–355, December 1977.

[95]  Laila Khreisat. Quicksort a historical perspective and empirical study. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, December 2007.

[96]  Roger L. Wainwright. A class of sorting algorithms based on quicksort. Commun. ACM, 28(4) :396–402, April 1985.

[97]  Jared Reyes. A system of communication between two computers using novel frequency shift keying techniques. University of South Dakota, 2024.

[98]  Stewart Brand. SPACEWAR! - by Stewart Brand - Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums. Rolling stone, 1972.

[99]  Michel Élie and Philippe Picard. Unix et les systèmes ouverts dans Bull, avant l’Internet. Cahiers d’histoire du Cnam, vol.07 - 08(2) :pp. 163–171, 2017.

[100]  Ralph E. Griswold and Madge T. Griswold. History of the Icon programming language, page 599–624. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1996.

[101]  Ralph E. Griswold. A history of the SNOBOL programming languages, page 601–645. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1978.

[102]  Kenneth E. Iverson. A programming language. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1962.

[103]  Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Simula : an algol-based simulation language. Commun. ACM, 9(9) :671–678, September 1966.

[104]  Max V. Mathews, Joan E. Miller, F. R. Moore, John R. Pierce, and J. C. Risset. The Technology of Computer Music. The MIT Press, 1969.

[105]  M. V. Mathews. The digital computer as a musical instrument. Science, 142(3592) :553–557, 1963.

[106]  Ivan E. Sutherland. Sketchpad : a man-machine graphical communication system. In Proceedings of the May 21-23, 1963, Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS ’63 (Spring), page 329–346, New York, NY, USA, 1963. Association for Computing Machinery.

[107]  George Radin. The early history and characteristics of pl/i. SIGPLAN Not., 13(8) :227–241, August 1978.

[108]  American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for information systems : programming languages, full BASIC : ANSI X3.113-1987. Number 68-2 in FIPS PUB. American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA, 1987.

[109]  Allison Randal. The ideal versus the real : Revisiting the history of virtual machines and containers. ACM Comput. Surv., 53(1), February 2020.

[110]  James E. Thornton. The cdc 6600 project. Annals of the History of Computing, 2(4) :338–348, 1980.

[111]  Elliott I. Organick. The multics system : an examination of its structure. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1972.

[112]  J.W. Cooley, P.A.W. Lewis, and P.D. Welch. Historical notes on the fast fourier transform. Proceedings of the IEEE, 55(10) :1675–1677, 1967.

[113]  Cynthia Solomon, Brian Harvey, Ken Kahn, Henry Lieberman, Mark L. Miller, Margaret Minsky, Artemis Papert, and Brian Silverman. History of logo. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[114]  Barbara Klein, Richard Alan Long, Kenneth Ray Blackman, Diane Lynne Goff, Stephen Paul Nathan, Moira McFadden Lanyi, Margaret M. Wilson, John Butterweck, and Sandra L. Sherrill. An Introduction to IMS : Your Complete Guide to IBM Information Management System. IBM Press, 2nd edition, 2012.

[115]  Joseph Weizenbaum. Eliza — a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Commun. ACM, 9(1) :36–45, January 1966.

[116]  L. H. Seawright and J. A. Kelch. An introduction to CP-67/CMS. IBM Data Processing Division, September 1968.

[117]  V. Rajaraman. Fundamentals of Computers. Prentice Hall India Pvt., Limited, 2004.

[118]  Manabu Hirano and Ryotaro Kobayashi. Ransmap : Open dataset of ransomware storage and memory access patterns for creating deep learning based ransomware detectors. Computers & Security, 150 :104202, 2025.

[119]  Douglas Engelbart. Interview, 2003.

[120]  Douglas C. Engelbart and William K. English. A research center for augmenting human intellect. In Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I, AFIPS ’68 (Fall, part I), page 395–410, New York, NY, USA, 1968. Association for Computing Machinery.

[121]  Vint Cerf. How the internet came to be. January 1993.

[122]  Steven Pemberton. The B programming language and environment. CWI Newsletter, (3) :2–14, June 1984.

[123]  Gerald. Luecke and Jack P. Mize. Semiconductor memory design and application. Texas Instruments Electronics Series. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973.

[124]  Steve Crocker. Host Software. RFC 1, April 1969.

[125]  F. Baccelli, B. Blaszczyszyn, and P. Muhlethaler. An aloha protocol for multihop mobile wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52(2) :421–436, 2006.

[126]  Norman Abramson. The aloha system : another alternative for computer communications. In Proceedings of the November 17-19, 1970, Fall Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS ’70 (Fall), page 281–285, New York, NY, USA, 1970. Association for Computing Machinery.

[127]  Leo B. Brodie. Thinking FORTH : a language and philosophy for solving problems. Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA, 1984.

[128]  Niklaus Wirth. 50 years of pascal. Commun. ACM, 64(3) :39–41, February 2021.

[129]  Gordon Bell and William D. Strecker. Computer structures : What have we learned from the pdp-11? SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News, 4(4) :1–14, January 1976.

[130]  Digital Equipment Corporation. PDP-11/40 Processor Handbook. Digital Equipment Corporation, 1972.

[131]  Douglas Comer. The ubiquitous b-tree. ACM Comput. Surv., 11(2) :121–137, 1979.

[132]  R. Bayer and E. McCreight. Organization and maintenance of large ordered indices. In Proceedings of the 1970 ACM SIGFIDET (Now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control, SIGFIDET ’70, page 107–141, New York, NY, USA, 1970. Association for Computing Machinery.

[133]  James Adkinson, Warren Dalziel, James Porter, Yan Rosenshteyn, and Herbert Thompson. International Business Machines corporation (IBM) 8 inch floppy disk drives oral history panel. Computer History Museum, page 38, 2005.

[134]  B.W. Kernighan. A Tutorial Introduction to the UNIX Text Editor [Ed]. 1997.

[135]  Dogan Ibrahim. Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051. Newnes, London, England, April 2000.

[136]  Intel 8008 8-Bit Parallel Central Processing Unit. Intel, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95051, April 1972.

[137]  Michael Betker, John Fernando, and Shaun Whalen. The history of the microprocessor. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 2 :29 – 56, 09 2002.

[138]  Federico Faggin, Marcian E. Hoff Jr., Stanley Mazor, and Masatoshi Shima. The history of the 4004. IEEE Micro, 16(6) :10–20, December 1996.

[139]  File Transfer Protocol. RFC 959, October 1985.

[140]  Dennis M. Ritchie. The development of the C programming language, page 671–698. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1996.

[141]  Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel. The birth of Prolog, page 331–367. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1992.

[142]  Alan C. Kay. The early history of Smalltalk, page 511–598. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1996.

[143]  L. H. Seawright and R. A. MacKinnon. Vm/370 : a study of multiplicity and usefulness. IBM Syst. J., 18(1) :4–17, March 1979.

[144]  IEEE standard for ethernet. IEEE Std 802.3-2022 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2018), pages 1–7025, 2022.

[145]  Brad A. Myers. A brief history of human-computer interaction technology. Interactions, 5(2) :44–54, March 1998.

[146]  D. Cooke, J. Urban, and S. Hamilton. Unix and beyond : An interview with ken thompson. Computer, 32(5) :58–64, 1999.

[147]  Diomidis Spinellis. A repository of unix history and evolution. Empirical Software Engineering, 22(3) :1372–1404, Jun 2017.

[148]  V. Cerf and R. Kahn. A protocol for packet network intercommunication. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 22(5) :637–648, 1974.

[149]  B. Cosell and D. Walden. Developing telnet’s negotiated options. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 25(2) :80–82, 2003.

[150]  Donald D. Chamberlin, Morton M. Astrahan, Michael W. Blasgen, James N. Gray, W. Frank King, Bruce G. Lindsay, Raymond Lorie, James W. Mehl, Thomas G. Price, Franco Putzolu, Patricia Griffiths Selinger, Mario Schkolnick, Donald R. Slutz, Irving L. Traiger, Bradford W. Wade, and Robert A. Yost. A history and evaluation of system r. Commun. ACM, 24(10) :632–646, October 1981.

[151]  E. F. Codd. A relational model of data for large shared data banks. Commun. ACM, 13(6) :377–387, 1970.

[152]  Gary Kildall. CP/M : A family of 8 and 16-bit operating systems. BYTE, June 1981.

[153]  Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. Sequel : A structured english query language. In Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (Now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control, SIGFIDET ’74, page 249–264, New York, NY, USA, 1974. Association for Computing Machinery.

[154]  Stanley Mazor. Intel 8080 cpu chip development. IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput., 29(2) :70–73, April 2007.

[155]  P J Horne. Implementation of an INTEL 8080 microprocessing development system using existing minicomputers. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 24(3) :1772–3, 1977.

[156]  W. Diffie and M. Hellman. New directions in cryptography. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 22(6) :644–654, 1976.

[157]  H. Edward Roberts and William Yates. Altair 8800 The most powerful minicomputer project ever presented. Popular Electronics, pages 33–38, January 1975.

[158]  Forrest M. Mims III. The tenth anniversary of the altair 8800. Computers & Electronics, pages 58–82, January 1985.

[159]  Richard M. Russell. The cray-1 computer system. Commun. ACM, 21(1) :63–72, January 1978.

[160]  CERN Bulletin Issue No. 17/1988. April 1988.

[161]  Valérie Schafer. X.25, une norme pour le transport de données. Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe, May 2021.

[162]  Joseph Amankwah-Amoah. Competing technologies, competing forces : The rise and fall of the floppy disk, 1971–2010. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 107 :121–129, May 2016.

[163]  D. A. Nowitz and M. E. Lesk. A dial-up network of UNIX systems. August 1978.

[164]  Peter H. Salus. Distributing the news. Usenix.org, 40(4), August 2015.

[165]  Mike Willegal. Steve Wozniak and the Apple I. December 2019.

[166]  Apple Computer Company. Apple I Operation Manual. 1976.

[167]  Jim Joyce. Interview with Bill Joy. Unix Review, August 1984.

[168]  Christopher Espinosa. APPLE II reference manual. Apple Computer, 1979.

[169]  PET User Group. PET User Notes, 2(1), 1979.

[170]  Digital. 1977–1997... and beyond, Nothing Stops It! 1997.

[171]  Steven Levy. Crypto : How the Code Rebels Beat the Government–Saving Privacy in the Digital Age. Penguin USA, 2001.

[172]  Lewis Thompson. A short, BSD-specific, UNIX history. November 2003.

[173]  Yukiharu SAMBE. Brief history of arcade video game display technologies. Synthesiology, 6(2) :93–102, 2013.

[174]  Barbara Beeton, Karl Berry, and David Walden. Tex : A branch of desktop publishing evolution, part 1. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 40 :78–93, 07 2018.

[175]  Barbara Beeton, Karl Berry, and David Walden. Tex : A branch in desktop publishing evolution, part 2. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 41(2) :29–41, 2019.

[176]  Tim Bergin. The origins of word processing software for personal computers : 1976-1985. Annals of the History of Computing, IEEE, 28 :32–47, 11 2006.

[177]  Jeffrey R. Yost. An interview with Seymour Rubinstein OH 391. Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, May 2004.

[178]  John R. Hudson. Some notes on dBASE. June 2023.

[179]  Jean Ichbiah. Ada : past, present, future. Commun. ACM, 27(10) :990–997, October 1984.

[180]  Michael Hauben and Ronda Hauben. Netizens : on the history and impact of Usenet and the Internet. IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, DC, USA, 1997.

[181]  Steven Bellovin. Netnews : The origin story. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, PP :1–13, January 2024.

[182]  Lazar Raković, Marton Sakal, and Veselin Pavlićević. Spreadsheets -how it started. International Scientific Journal of Management Information Systems, 9 :9–14, December 2014.

[183]  Martin Campbell-Kelly and Paul Ceruzzi. An interview with dan bricklin and bob frankston OH 402. Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, May 2004.

[184]  Barry B. Brey. The Intel microprocessors (4th ed.) : 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, and Pentium Pro processor : architecture, programming, and interfacing. Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA, 1997.

[185]  L. Peter Deutsch and Allan M. Schiffman. Efficient implementation of the smalltalk-80 system. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL ’84, page 297–302, New York, NY, USA, 1984. Association for Computing Machinery.

[186]  Nuno Garcia, Fabio Gil, Barbara Matos, Coulibaly Yahaya, Nuno Pombo, and Rossitza Goleva. Keyed user datagram protocol : Concepts and operation of an almost reliable connectionless transport protocol. IEEE Access, PP :1–1, February 2019.

[187]  Gregg Williams. The Commodore VIC-20 Microcomputer : A low-cost, high-performance consumer computer. BYTE, pages 46–64, May 1981.

[188]  Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft XENIX Operating System OEM Directory. Microsoft Corporation, Bellevue, Washington, May 1983. Document référence OEM00918.

[189]  Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft XENIX Operating System Version 3.0 Release Summary. Microsoft Corporation, Bellevue, Washington, 1983.

[190]  Robert B. Greenberg. The unix operating system and the xenix standard operating environment. BYTE, 6(6) :248–264, June 1981.

[191]  W. E. Pete Peterson. Almost perfect : How a Bunch of Regular Guys Built WordPerfect Corporation. Prima Lifestyles, USA, November 1993.

[192]  Caralie Heinrichs and Emilie Vandal. Digital preservation guide : 3.5-inch floppy disks. Preservation guide, December 2019.

[193]  Internet Control Message Protocol. RFC 792, September 1981.

[194]  Sol Libes. The origins of MS-DOS. Micro/Systems Journal, July 1986.

[195]  Tim Paterson. An inside look at MS-DOS. BYTE, June 1983.

[196]  Review BBC Micro. Practical Computing, January 1982.

[197]  The IBM Personal Computer. BYTE, 7(1), January 1982.

[198]  T.B. Henderson. The Osborne Portable Computer. Que on systems. Que Corporation, 1982.

[199]  Mukesh Sahu and Jeebananda Panda. A time efficient approach to data compression for lzw algorithm. In 2023 Annual International Conference on Emerging Research Areas : International Conference on Intelligent Systems (AICERA/ICIS), pages 1–3, 2023.

[200]  David E. Weisberg. The Engineering Design Revolution - CAD History. 2008.

[201]  Devon Shapiro, Merritt Patridge, Erin McCafferty, Hillary Herstin, Smita Gupta, and Crystal Leveillee. The Invention of Compact Discs. EIS Main Project, November 2012.

[202]  Al Hartmann. iAPX286 compiler writer’s guide. Intel Corporation, May 1983.

[203]  Roberto Dillon. Ready : A Commodore 64 Retrospective. Springer, January 2015.

[204]  Nick Montfort, Patsy Baudoin, John Bell, Ian Bogost, Jeremy Douglass, Mark C. Marino, Michael Mateas, Casey Reas, Mark Sample, and Noah Vawter. 10 PRINT CHR$(205.5+RND(1)); : GOTO 10. The MIT Press, 11 2012.

[205]  Rodney Dale. The Sinclair Story. Duckworth, 1985.

[206]  Jean-Noël Lafargue. Archéologie d’un carton de l’Informatique pour tous. Cahiers d’histoire du Cnam, vol.15(1) :pp. 97–131, 2021.

[207]  Brigitte Morin. La saga de Thomson. Science & Vie Micro, (61), May 1989.

[208]  Simson Garfinkel and Eugene H. Spafford. In memoriam : Charles m. geschke (1939–2021). Commun. ACM, 64(7) :22, June 2021.

[209]  Bill Calkins. Solaris 8 : System Administrator Certification : Exams 310-011 and 310-012. Que Corp., USA, 2001.

[210]  Soviet bloc computers direct descendant of western technologies. CIA, June 1989.

[211]  Jules H. Gilder. The Coleco Adam : system review. BYTE, pages 206–220, April 1984.

[212]  William Arnold. COMPAQ Portable Computer : Use, Applications and Basic. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1984.

[213]  Sam Williams. Free as in freedom. O’Reilly, Beijing [u.a.], 1. ed. edition, 2002.

[214]  Bjarne Stroustrup. A history of C++ : 1979–1991. AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1996.

[215]  Neil Smyth. Objective-C 2.0 Essentials. 3rd edition, 2012.

[216]  P. Mockapetris and K. J. Dunlap. Development of the domain name system. In Symposium Proceedings on Communications Architectures and Protocols, SIGCOMM ’88, page 123–133, New York, NY, USA, 1988. Association for Computing Machinery.

[217]  P. Mockapetris and K. J. Dunlap. Development of the domain name system. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 18(4) :123–133, August 1988.

[218]  Cisco. Internetworking Technologies Handbook, Fourth Edition. Cisco Press, 2003.

[219]  Jonathan Brossard. SMB : Sharing more than your files... In Blackhat USA, Las Vegas, United States, July 2015. Blackhat.

[220]  William Aspray. Oral History of Mitch Kapor. Computer History Museum, November 2004.

[221]  Grady Booch. Oral History of Charles Simonyi. Computer History Museum, February 2008.

[222]  O.W. Linzmayer. Apple Confidential 2.0 : The Definitive History of the World’s Most Colorful Company. No Starch Press Series. No Starch Press, 2004.

[223]  Bruce Daniels. The architecture of the lisa- personal computer. Proceedings of the IEEE, 72 :331 – 341, April 1984.

[224]  Jonathan Pearce and Graham Bland. MSX an introduction. Century Communications Ltd, London, 1984.

[225]  Jonathan Haworth. Oric - The story so far. Cambridge, November 1992.

[226]  Paul Weissmann. OpenPA, The book of PA-RISC. Bonn, Germany, March 2024.

[227]  Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau. Operating Systems : Three Easy Pieces. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC, USA, 2018.

[228]  Post Office Protocol : Version 3 : Extended service offerings. RFC 1082, November 1988.

[229]  Microsoft Corporation. Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) Extensions. June 2016.

[230]  Ivor Spital. Sir Alan calls it a day at Amstrad. The Amstrad Times, June 2008.

[231]  Fred Guterl. Design case history : Apple’s macintosh : A small team of little-known designers, challenged to produce a low-cost, exceptionally easy-to-use personal computer, turns out a technical milestone. IEEE Spectrum, 21 :34–43, 1984.

[232]  David Kummer and Tom Moorman. Case study : Pcjr : Misreading the market. IEEE Spectrum, 24(5) :30–31, 1987.

[233]  Stefan Monnier and Michael Sperber. Evolution of emacs lisp. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[234]  Patrick Davison. Because of the pixels : On the history, form, and influence of ms paint. Journal of Visual Culture, 13 :275–297, 12 2014.

[235]  Brigitte Morin. La saga de Thomson. Science & Vie Micro, 61, May 1989.

[236]  Robert W. Scheifler and Jim Gettys. The X Window System. ACM Trans. Graph., 5(2) :79–109, April 1986.

[237]  Hamira Shaikh, Mosina Shaikh, Shahid Shaikh, Aatif Qureshi, Farman Khan, Viren Patel, Shakila Shaikh, and Shiburaj Pappu. Closer look at the new processor : 80386. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 7 :48–51, 10 2019.

[238]  D.L. Mills. Internet time synchronization : the network time protocol. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 39(10) :1482–1493, 1991.

[239]  P. Sestoft. Spreadsheet Technology. IT University technical report series. IT University of Copenhagen, 2011.

[240]  Lykourgos G. Zacharogeorgas. Microsoft Windows : The evolution of a revolutionary product. 2005.

[241]  John Cook, Martin Croft, Christina Erskine, Alan Fitch, Mike Gerrard, John Lettice, and Max Phillips. The Complete Guide to Amstrad PCW 8256 & 8512, volume 1. Roger Munford, 1986.

[242]  Commodore Amiga Inc. Amiga Hardware Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989.

[243]  Suzanne Crocker. Oral History of Paul Brainerd. Computer History Museum, May 2006.

[244]  IBM. Additional aix security tools on ibm eserver pseries, ibm rs/6000, and sp/cluster. IBM Corp., USA, 2000.

[245]  Bertrand Meyer. Eiffel : the language. Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA, 1992.

[246]  Joe Armstrong. A history of Erlang. In Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages, HOPL III, page 6–1–6–26, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Association for Computing Machinery.

[247]  D. L. Mills and H. Braun. The nsfnet backbone network. In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications Technology, SIGCOMM ’87, page 191–196, New York, NY, USA, 1987. Association for Computing Machinery.

[248]  D. L. Mills and H. Braun. The nsfnet backbone network. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 17(5) :191–196, August 1987.

[249]  Robert Elliott and Mallikarjun Chadalapaka. Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Command Ordering Considerations with iSCSI. RFC 3783, May 2004.

[250]  Chet Ramey. Bash – The GNU shell. The Linux Journal, August 1994.

[251]  Mike Battilana. The GIF Controversy : A Software Developer’s Perspective. January 1995.

[252]  Michael Stevenson. Having it both ways : Larry Wall, Perl and the technology and culture of the early web. Internet Histories, 2(3-4) :264–280, 2018.

[253]  David Ungar and Randall B. Smith. Self : The power of simplicity. In Conference Proceedings on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications, OOPSLA ’87, page 227–242, New York, NY, USA, 1987. Association for Computing Machinery.

[254]  David Ungar and Randall B. Smith. Self : The power of simplicity. SIGPLAN Not., 22(12) :227–242, December 1987.

[255]  John Ousterhout. History of tcl. Tcl Website.

[256]  Acorn Archimedes. Personal Computer World, pages 98–104, August 1987.

[257]  Archie RISC OS. Personal Computer World, pages 152–155, January 1989.

[258]  Benoît Georges. 1984-2024 : la folle épopée du Mac d’Apple. Les Echos, January 2024.

[259]  Jimmy Maher. The Future Was Here : The Commodore Amiga. The MIT Press, 2012.

[260]  R. L. Cook, F. L. Rawson, III, J. A. Tunkel, and R. L. Williams. Writing an operating system/2 application. IBM Systems Journal, 27(2) :134–157, 1988.

[261]  Unicode Consortium, editor. The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., USA, 2003.

[262]  Jacques Morleghem. Windows 2 et 386 facile. 1989.

[263]  David J. Murray. Frame technology and framemaker. IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput., 41(3) :62–74, July 2019.

[264]  Q.G. Schmierer and A.H. Wottreng. Ibm as/400 processor architecture and design methodology. In [1991 Proceedings] IEEE International Conference on Computer Design : VLSI in Computers and Processors, pages 440–443, 1991.

[265]  Stijn Peeters. The IRC Paradigm : An Alternative Approach for Alternative Social Networks. May 2013.

[266]  Daniel Stenberg. History of IRC.

[267]  ibiblio. Gulf War IRC logs, January 1991.

[268]  2meta.com. Historic Chat Logs, January 1991.

[269]  David Bozak. Soviet Coup Archive, August 1991.

[270]  Rene Brogatzki. SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol. Seminar Innovative Internettechnologien und Mobilkommunikation SS2009.

[271]  PKWARE Inc. Technical Note – ZIP File Capacities.

[272]  Barry B. Brey. The Intel 32-Bit Microprocessors : 80386, 80486, and Pentium Microprocessors. Prentice Hall PTR, USA, 1st edition, 1994.

[273]  Tim Berners-Lee. Information management : A proposal. May 1989.

[274]  Dr.S.Narayanan, Dr.C.Sabarigirinathan, Dr.K.Vinayagavel, and Dr.D.Deepiha. MS Office – Computer Application. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science, 4, September 2018.

[275]  Apple Computer Inc. Apple Computer, Inc. agrees to acquire NeXT Software Inc. Press release, December 1996.

[276]  Jeffe Schewe. 10 years of Photoshop. PEI Mag, February 2000.

[277]  IBM. User’s reference for PS/1 computer. International Business Machines Corporation, April 1990.

[278]  Paul Hudak, John Hughes, Simon Peyton Jones, and Philip Wadler. A history of haskell : being lazy with class. In Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages, HOPL III, page 12–1–12–55, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Association for Computing Machinery.

[279]  Michael Stevenson and Anne Helmond. The historical trajectories of algorithmic techniques : an interview with bernhard rieder. Internet Histories, 4 :1–10, February 2020.

[280]  Mark P. McCahill and Farhad X. Anklesaria. Evolution of Internet Gopher, pages 235–246. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1996.

[281]  W. J. Buchanan. PCMCIA (PC Card), pages 563–570. Springer US, Boston, MA, 2004.

[282]  Rassol Raissi. The Theory Behind Mp3. December 2002.

[283]  Simon Whibley. WAV Format Preservation Assessment. British Library, January 2016.

[284]  Charles Severance. Guido van rossum : The early years of python. Computer, 48(2) :7–9, 2015.

[285]  S.N. Bokhari. The linux operating system. Computer, 28(8) :74–79, 1995.

[286]  D. Clark. Visual basic and the future of web-application development. Computer, 34(8) :16–18, 2001.

[287]  E. McLellan. The alpha axp architecture and 21064 processor. IEEE Micro, 13(3) :36–47, 1993.

[288]  R. Neelamani, R. de Queiroz, Zhigang Fan, S. Dash, and R.G. Baraniuk. Jpeg compression history estimation for color images. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 15(6) :1365–1378, 2006.

[289]  Site web IBM. IBM ThinkPad history.

[290]  Dave Shreiner and The Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group. OpenGL Programming Guide : The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL, Versions 3.0 and 3.1. Addison-Wesley Professional, 7th edition, 2009.

[291]  Adobe Systems. Portable Document Format Reference Manual. APL Series. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1993.

[292]  Sugandha Sharma, Krishna Nand Patel, and Aashish Siddhath Jha. Cryptography using blowfish algorithm. In 2021 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N), pages 1375–1377, 2021.

[293]  Chenyuan Kou and F. Springsteel. The security mechanism in the world wide web (www) and the common gateway interface (cgi). example of central police university entrance examination system. In Proceedings IEEE 31st Annual 1997 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, pages 114–119, 1997.

[294]  Annelise Anderson. FreeBSD : an open-source operating system for your personal computer. The Bit Tree Press, Portola Valley, CA, USA, 2nd edition, 2001.

[295]  B.B. Brey. The Intel Microprocessors : 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 with 64-bit Extensions : Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.

[296]  Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes. The evolution of lua. In Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages, HOPL III, page 2–1–2–26, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Association for Computing Machinery.

[297]  John M. Chambers. S, r, and data science. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[298]  Timothy Rooney. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), pages 53–68. Wiley, 2010.

[299]  R.J. Vetter, C. Spell, and C. Ward. Mosaic and the world wide web. Computer, 27(10) :49–57, 1994.

[300]  Stephen A. Thomas. SSL and TLS Essentials : Securing the Web with CD-ROM. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 2000.

[301]  Robert Cowart. Windows NT 3.51, with CD-ROM (Unleashed). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., USA, 3rd edition, 1996.

[302]  Jacob R. Lorch and Alan Jay Smith. Apple macintosh’s energy consumption. IEEE Micro, 18(6) :54–63, November 1998.

[303]  H. Iwasaki. Cd-rewritable and future disc technology. In 1997 Optical Data Storage Topical Meeting ODS Conference Digest, pages 9–10, 1997.

[304]  David E. Kalish. IBM makes a fashion statement with new aptiva s series. The Washington Post, September 1996.

[305]  J. Charles. Open source : Netscape pops the hood [in the news]. IEEE Software, 15(4) :79–82, 1998.

[306]  Oreste Signore. W3c technologies : a key for interoperability. 01 2003.

[307]  Karen Angel. Inside Yahoo! : Reinvention and the Road Ahead. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.

[308]  Bernard J. Jansen, Amanda Spink, and Jan Pedersen. A temporal comparison of Altavista Web Searching : Research Articles. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol., 56(6) :559–570, April 2005.

[309]  Charles Severance. The apache software foundation : Brian behlendorf. Computer, 45(10) :8–9, 2012.

[310]  Martin C. Brown and Cherie Plumlee. Beos : Porting UNIX Applications. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA, 1st edition, 1998.

[311]  Y. Tsunoda, R. Imura, M. Takahashi, and T. Arai. Present and future of dvd technology. In 1996. Digest of Technical Papers., International Conference on Consumer Electronics, pages 356–, 1996.

[312]  Zeqian Shen and Neel Sundaresan. ebay : an e-commerce marketplace as a complex network. In Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM ’11, page 655–664, New York, NY, USA, 2011. Association for Computing Machinery.

[313]  John Nickolls and William J. Dally. The gpu computing era. IEEE Micro, 30(2) :56–69, 2010.

[314]  Prashanta Das and Ganesh Deka. History and Evolution of GPU Architecture, pages 109–135. 01 2016.

[315]  A. Van Hoff. The case for java as a programming language. IEEE Internet Computing, 1(1) :51–56, 1997.

[316]  Allen Wirfs-Brock and Brendan Eich. Javascript : the first 20 years. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[317]  Mark Hills. Evolution of dynamic feature usage in php. In 2015 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution, and Reengineering (SANER), pages 525–529, 2015.

[318]  Robert J. Sheehan. Teaching operating systems with ruby. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, ITiCSE ’07, page 38–42, New York, NY, USA, 2007. Association for Computing Machinery.

[319]  Robert J. Sheehan. Teaching operating systems with ruby. SIGCSE Bull., 39(3) :38–42, June 2007.

[320]  Daniel J. Barrett, Richard E. Silverman, and Robert G. Byrnes. SSH, the Secure Shell : The Definitive Guide. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2005.

[321]  Heike Jurzik. Surfing the shell. Linux Magazine, (54) :84–87, May 2005.

[322]  Sasha Pachev. Understanding MySQL Internals. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2007.

[323]  Dries Buytaert. The history of MySQL AB. Planet MySQL, March 2010.

[324]  Elliot Jaffe and Scott Kirkpatrick. Architecture of the internet archive. In Proceedings of SYSTOR 2009 : The Israeli Experimental Systems Conference, SYSTOR ’09, New York, NY, USA, 2009. Association for Computing Machinery.

[325]  Jessah Foulk. Oral history interview with Rob Glaser, August 13, 2002 – Museum of History & Industry. Speaking of Seattle Oral History Collection, August 2002.

[326]  R.P. Garg. An overview of sun ultrasparc/sup tm/ based high performance computing systems. In Proceedings 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2001, pages 1 pp.–, 2001.

[327]  David Walden. Ward Cunningham . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 33(04) :62–67, October 2011.

[328]  Bradley Bargen and Peter Donnelly. Inside DirectX : in-depth techniques for developing high-performance multimedia applications. Microsoft Press, USA, 1998.

[329]  ICQ. ICQ 99 User’s Guide : Official Edition (with CD-ROM). ICQ Incorporated, 1999.

[330]  Lydia Pintscher. 20 Years of KDE : Past, Present and Future. August 2016.

[331]  Robert Reinhardt, Joey Lott, and Peter Santangeli. Macromedia Flash MX Actionscript Bible. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 1st edition, 2002.

[332]  Michael Stonebraker and Greg Kemnitz. The postgres next generation database management system. Commun. ACM, 34(10) :78–92, October 1991.

[333]  Dawoud Shenouda Dawoud and Peter Dawoud. 7 Universal Serial Bus (USB), pages 245–282. 2020.

[334]  Sanjay Hardikar, Sameer Rajan, and Saraswati Parmar. Virtual private network : A study of its various aspects. In 2023 International Conference on IoT, Communication and Automation Technology (ICICAT), pages 1–7, 2023.

[335]  Robert Garner and Marc Weber. Interview of the ALOHAnet Principal Designers. Computer History Museum, February 2023.

[336]  Jiyu He. The google pagerank algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Academic Conference on Blockchain, Information Technology and Smart Finance (ICBIS 2023), pages 417–422. Atlantis Press, 2023.

[337]  Jean-Pierre Teyssier, Fabien de Groote, Markus Mayer, Peter Schlemko, Andrej Rumantsev, Viktar Khutko, Roland Gesche, and Ralf Doerner. The xml file format as a general solution for measurement data storage and exchange. In 2007 69th ARFTG Conference, pages 1–5, 2007.

[338]  Daniel M. German. The gnome project : a case study of open source, global software development. Software Process : Improvement and Practice, 8(4) :201–215, 2003.

[339]  Jaap Haartsen, Mahmoud Naghshineh, Jon Inouye, Olaf J. Joeressen, and Warren Allen. Bluetooth : vision, goals, and architecture. SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., 2(4) :38–45, October 1998.

[340]  Wen-Chih Chang, Te-Hua Wang, and Yen-Ching Huang. Exploring the distribution and relationship between msn and the physical world. In The 6th International Conference on Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management, pages 716–721, 2010.

[341]  Konstantinos Barlas, Eleni Berki, Iulia Adomnita, Thrushna Nalam, Golnaz S. Nejad, and Jari Veijalainen. Formal specification of open standards and the case of rss v2.0. In Proceedings of the 18th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics, PCI ’14, page 1–6, New York, NY, USA, 2014. Association for Computing Machinery.

[342]  Kenn Scribner, Kennard Scribner, and Mark C. Stiver. Understanding Soap : Simple Object Access Protocol. Sams, USA, 2000.

[343]  T. Dierks and E. Rescorla. Rfc 5246 : The transport layer security (tls) protocol version 1.2. RFC Editor, 2008.

[344]  Bengt Carlsson and Rune Gustavsson. The rise and fall of napster - an evolutionary approach. In Proceedings of the 6th International Computer Science Conference on Active Media Technology, AMT ’01, page 347–354, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2001. Springer-Verlag.

[345]  Rob Thomsett. The year 2000 bug : A forgotten lesson. IEEE Softw., 15(4) :91–93,95, July 1998.

[346]  Lutz Prechelt. The surprising dynamics of a simple year 2000 bug. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes, 24(3) :56–57, May 1999.

[347]  Anders Hejlsberg, Mads Torgersen, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde. C# Programming Language. Addison-Wesley Professional, 4th edition, 2010.

[348]  M.Q.C. van Beurden and A. Weaver. RFC 9639 : Free lossless audio codec (FLAC). Technical report, USA, 2024.

[349]  Felipe Pezoa, Juan L. Reutter, Fernando Suarez, Martín Ugarte, and Domagoj Vrgoč. Foundations of json schema. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW ’16, page 263–273, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 2016. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.

[350]  Johan Pouwelse, Paweł Garbacki, Dick Epema, and Henk Sips. The bittorrent p2p file-sharing system : measurements and analysis. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Systems, IPTPS’05, page 205–216, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005. Springer-Verlag.

[351]  Amit Singh. Mac OS X Internals. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2006.

[352]  Andrew W. Appel. Verification of a cryptographic primitive : Sha-256. ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst., 37(2), April 2015.

[353]  Kristina Chodorow. MongoDB : The Definitive Guide. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2013.

[354]  Jason Swarts. The collaborative construction of "fact" on wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication, SIGDOC ’09, page 281–288, New York, NY, USA, 2009. Association for Computing Machinery.

[355]  Thuan L. Thai and Hoang Lam. .NET Framework Essentials (2nd Edition). O’ Reilly & Associates, Inc., 2002.

[356]  Charles Severance. Mitchell baker : The mozilla foundation. Computer, 46(2) :7–9, February 2013.

[357]  Kelley Misata. The tor project : An inside view. XRDS, 20(1) :45–47, September 2013.

[358]  Contel Bradford. The iPod & iTunes Handbook : The Complete Guide to the Portable Multimedia Revolution. Atlantic Publishing Company (FL), 2008.

[359]  Nils Hammar. Skype – Reasons for Growth. Thèse de doctorat, Stockholm School of Economics, 2007.

[360]  Tim Ferris. Matt Mullenweg on Characteristics and Practices of Successful Entrepreneurs, June 2018.

[361]  Yuriko Isoda and Noriko Taji. Linkedin : The Growth Path of the World Largest Professional Network. The Research Institute for Innovation Management, HOSEI UNIVERSITY, February 2017.

[362]  Paul Barham, Boris Dragovic, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, Tim Harris, Alex Ho, Rolf Neugebauer, Ian Pratt, and Andrew Warfield. Xen and the art of virtualization. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP ’03, page 164–177, New York, NY, USA, 2003. Association for Computing Machinery.

[363]  Paul Barham, Boris Dragovic, Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, Tim Harris, Alex Ho, Rolf Neugebauer, Ian Pratt, and Andrew Warfield. Xen and the art of virtualization. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 37(5) :164–177, October 2003.

[364]  Avinash Lakshman and Prashant Malik. Cassandra : a decentralized structured storage system. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., 44(2) :35–40, April 2010.

[365]  Xuan Zhao, Niloufar Salehi, Sasha Naranjit, Sara Alwaalan, Stephen Voida, and Dan Cosley. The many faces of facebook : experiencing social media as performance, exhibition, and personal archive. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’13, page 1–10, New York, NY, USA, 2013. Association for Computing Machinery.

[366]  Martin Odersky, Philippe Altherr, Vincent Cremet, Iulian Dragos, Gilles Dubochet, Burak Emir, Sean McDirmid, Stéphane Micheloud, Nikolay Mihaylov, Michel Schinz, Lex Spoon, Erik Stenman, and Matthias Zenger. An overview of the scala programming language (2. edition). 03 2015.

[367]  Raghu Garud and Arvind Karunakaran. Process-based ideology of participative experimentation to foster identity-challenging innovations : The case of gmail and adsense. Strategic Organization, 16, 06 2017.

[368]  Will Reese. Nginx : the high-performance web server and reverse proxy. Linux J., 2008(173), September 2008.

[369]  Daniel Fett, Ralf Küsters, and Guido Schmitz. A comprehensive formal security analysis of oauth 2.0. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’16, page 1204–1215, New York, NY, USA, 2016. Association for Computing Machinery.

[370]  Santiago Perez De Rosso and Daniel Jackson. Purposes, concepts, misfits, and a redesign of git. SIGPLAN Not., 51(10) :292–310, October 2016.

[371]  Santiago Perez De Rosso and Daniel Jackson. Purposes, concepts, misfits, and a redesign of git. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications, OOPSLA 2016, page 292–310, New York, NY, USA, 2016. Association for Computing Machinery.

[372]  Vinoo Das. Learning Redis. Packt Publishing, 2015.

[373]  Gloria Chatzopoulou, Cheng Sheng, and Michalis Faloutsos. A first step towards understanding popularity in youtube. In 2010 INFOCOM IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops, pages 1–6, 2010.

[374]  J. Yates Monteith, John Mcgregor, and John Ingram. Hadoop and its evolving ecosystem. volume 987, June 2013.

[375]  Andy Oakley and Jeffrey Snover. Monad : Introducing the New MSH Command Shell and Language for Windows. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2005.

[376]  Daylin Vliert. Apple iphone : A market case study. MacEwan University Student eJournal, 5, 04 2021.

[377]  Rich Hickey. A history of Clojure. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[378]  Don Syme. The early history of F#. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[379]  Paul King. A history of the groovy programming language. Proc. ACM Program. Lang., 4(HOPL), June 2020.

[380]  Muhammad Haris, Basit Jadoon, and Farhan Khan. Evolution of android operating system : A review. Asia Pacific Journal of Contemporary Education and Communication Technology, November 2018.

[381]  Md Tajmilur Rahman, Peter C. Rigby, and Emad Shihab. The modular and feature toggle architectures of google chrome. Empirical Softw. Engg., 24(2) :826–853, April 2019.

[382]  Idilio Drago, Marco Mellia, Maurizio M. Munafo, Anna Sperotto, Ramin Sadre, and Aiko Pras. Inside dropbox : understanding personal cloud storage services. In Proceedings of the 2012 Internet Measurement Conference, IMC ’12, page 481–494, New York, NY, USA, 2012. Association for Computing Machinery.

[383]  Gary Anthes. Html5 leads a web revolution. Commun. ACM, 55(7) :16–17, July 2012.

[384]  Rajesh Nishtala, Hans Fugal, Steven Grimm, Marc Kwiatkowski, Herman Lee, Harry C. Li, Ryan McElroy, Mike Paleczny, Daniel Peek, Paul Saab, David Stafford, Tony Tung, and Venkateshwaran Venkataramani. Scaling memcache at facebook. In Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, nsdi’13, page 385–398, USA, 2013. USENIX Association.

[385]  Jose Teixeira, Gregorio Robles, and Jesús M. González-Barahona. Lessons learned from applying social network analysis on an industrial free/libre/open source software ecosystem. CoRR, abs/1507.04587, 2015.

[386]  Aviv Zohar. Bitcoin : under the hood. Commun. ACM, 58(9) :104–113, August 2015.

[387]  J. Chris Anderson, Jan Lehnardt, and Noah Slater. CouchDB : The Definitive Guide Time to Relax. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1st edition, 2010.

[388]  Seikyung Jung. Web development with node.js. J. Comput. Sci. Coll., 33(6) :154–156, June 2018.

[389]  Eben Upton and Gareth Halfacree. Raspberry Pi User Guide. Wiley Publishing, 3rd edition, 2014.

[390]  Clinton Gormley and Zachary Tong. Elasticsearch : The Definitive Guide. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1st edition, 2015.

[391]  Miska Hannuksela, Jani Lainema, and Vinod Malamal Vadakital. The high efficiency image file format standard [standards in a nutshell]. Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, 32 :150–156, 07 2015.

[392]  William Bugden and Ayman Alahmar. Rust : The programming language for safety and performance, 2022.

[393]  Gunjan Bansal, Madhulika Sharma, Sarita Yadav, and Usha Yadav. Google Chrome Operating System. International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, 2(5), October 2015.

[394]  Gabriel Haas and Viktor Leis. What modern nvme storage can do, and how to exploit it : High-performance i/o for high-performance storage engines. Proc. VLDB Endow., 16(9) :2090–2102, May 2023.

[395]  Gilad Bracha. The Dart Programming Language. Addison-Wesley Professional, 1st edition, 2015.

[396]  Bruno Gois Mateus and Matias Martinez. On the adoption, usage and evolution of kotlin features in android development. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM), ESEM ’20, New York, NY, USA, 2020. Association for Computing Machinery.

[397]  Sean Dubois, Claes Morgen, and Alex Zhukov. WebRTC for the curious.

[398]  Paul Murley, Zane Ma, Joshua Mason, Michael Bailey, and Amin Kharraz. Websocket adoption and the landscape of the real-time web. In Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021, WWW ’21, page 1192–1203, New York, NY, USA, 2021. Association for Computing Machinery.

[399]  K. L. Clark and F. G. McCabe. Go!—a multi-paradigm programming language for implementing multi-threaded agents. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 41(2–4) :171–206, August 2004.

[400]  Valentin Churavy, William F Godoy, Carsten Bauer, Hendrik Ranocha, Michael Schlottke-Lakemper, Ludovic Räss, Johannes Blaschke, Mosè Giordano, Erik Schnetter, Samuel Omlin, Jeffrey S. Vetter, and Alan Edelman. Bridging hpc communities through the julia programming language, 2022.

[401]  Philip Wadler and Gavin Bierman. Typescript : The Next Generation. September 2013.

[402]  Dirk Merkel. Docker : lightweight linux containers for consistent development and deployment. Linux J., 2014(239), March 2014.

[403]  Ron Miller. Mirantis acquires docker enterprise, 11 2019.

[404]  Adrian Ionel. What we announced today and why it matters, 11 2019.

[405]  Ron Miller. After selling enterprise biz, Docker lands $35m investment and new CEO, 11 2019.

[406]  Docker Inc. Docker restructures and secures $35 million to advance developer workflows for modern applications, 11 2019.

[407]  Ron Miller. Mirantis on run rate over $100m two years after buying docker enterprise assets, 2 2022.

[408]  Ron Miller. As docker gains momentum, it hauls in $105m series c on $2b valuation, 3 2022.

[409]  Frederic Lardinois. Docker raises $95m series d round for its container platform, 4 2015.

[410]  Docker Inc. Docker secures $95m in series d funding to meet the unrivaled demand for its open source platform, 4 2015.

[411]  Mike Wheatley. Container shakeup : Docker sells enterprise business to mirantis, appoints new CEO, 11 2019.

[412]  Mike Melanson. Mirantis acquires docker enterprise, 11 2019.

[413]  Bart Preneel. The first 30 years of cryptographic hash functions and the nist sha-3 competition. In Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Topics in Cryptology, CT-RSA’10, page 1–14, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. Springer-Verlag.

[414]  Matei Zaharia, Reynold S. Xin, Patrick Wendell, Tathagata Das, Michael Armbrust, Ankur Dave, Xiangrui Meng, Josh Rosen, Shivaram Venkataraman, Michael J. Franklin, Ali Ghodsi, Joseph Gonzalez, Scott Shenker, and Ion Stoica. Apache spark : a unified engine for big data processing. Commun. ACM, 59(11) :56–65, October 2016.

[415]  James G. Shanahan and Laing Dai. Large scale distributed data science using apache spark. In Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD ’15, page 2323–2324, New York, NY, USA, 2015. Association for Computing Machinery.

[416]  Nishant Garg. Apache Kafka. Packt Publishing, 2013.

[417]  Brendan Burns, Brian Grant, David Oppenheimer, Eric Brewer, and John Wilkes. Borg, omega, and kubernetes : Lessons learned from three container-management systems over a decade. Queue, 14(1) :70–93, January 2016.

[418]  Marcel Rebouças, Gustavo Pinto, Felipe Ebert, Weslley Torres, Alexander Serebrenik, and Fernando Castor. An empirical study on the usage of the swift programming language. In 2016 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution, and Reengineering (SANER), volume 1, pages 634–638, 2016.

[419]  Vlatko Spasev, Ivica Dimitrovski, and Ivan Kitanovski. An overview of graphql : Core features and architecture. ICT Innovations 2020, Web Proceedings ISSN null, pages 110–123, 2020.

[420]  Martín Abadi, Paul Barham, Jianmin Chen, Zhifeng Chen, Andy Davis, Jeffrey Dean, Matthieu Devin, Sanjay Ghemawat, Geoffrey Irving, Michael Isard, Manjunath Kudlur, Josh Levenberg, Rajat Monga, Sherry Moore, Derek G. Murray, Benoit Steiner, Paul Tucker, Vijay Vasudevan, Pete Warden, Martin Wicke, Yuan Yu, and Xiaoqiang Zheng. Tensorflow : a system for large-scale machine learning. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, OSDI’16, page 265–283, USA, 2016. USENIX Association.

[421]  Byungjin Jun, Fabián E. Bustamante, Sung Yoon Whang, and Zachary S. Bischof. Amp up your mobile web experience : Characterizing the impact of google’s accelerated mobile project. In The 25th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom ’19, New York, NY, USA, 2019. Association for Computing Machinery.

[422]  Roberto Therón, Alicia García-Holgado, and Samuel Marcos-Pablos. An experience with microsoft teams to improve the interaction with the students. In 2021 XI International Conference on Virtual Campus (JICV), pages 1–3, 2021.

[423]  Richard E. Turner. An introduction to transformers, 2024.

[424]  Tianyang Lin, Yuxin Wang, Xiangyang Liu, and Xipeng Qiu. A survey of transformers, 2021.

[425]  Andreas Haas, Andreas Rossberg, Derek L. Schuff, Ben L. Titzer, Michael Holman, Dan Gohman, Luke Wagner, Alon Zakai, and JF Bastien. Bringing the web up to speed with webassembly. In Proceedings of the 38th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2017, page 185–200, New York, NY, USA, 2017. Association for Computing Machinery.

[426]  Andreas Haas, Andreas Rossberg, Derek L. Schuff, Ben L. Titzer, Michael Holman, Dan Gohman, Luke Wagner, Alon Zakai, and JF Bastien. Bringing the web up to speed with webassembly. SIGPLAN Not., 52(6) :185–200, June 2017.

[427]  Anders Møller. Technical perspective : Webassembly : a quiet revolution of the web. Commun. ACM, 61(12) :106, November 2018.

[428]  Jeff Hodges, Giridhar Mandyam, and Michael B. Jones. Registries for Web Authentication (WebAuthn). RFC 8809, August 2020.

[429]  Abdul Dakkak, Carl Pearson, and Wen-Mei Hwu. Webgpu : A scalable online development platform for gpu programming courses. In 2016 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW), pages 942–949, 2016.