EPOCH
EPOCH © 2025 by Stéphane Fosse - This book is published under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 licenseTable on contents
Foreword
Before 1930
Binary System
Punch Card
Charles Babbage
Boolean Algebra
Submarine Cable
Herman Hollerith
1930
Vannevar Bush’s Differential Analyzer
Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem
The Turing Machine
The Z1 Mechanical Computer
Lambda Calculus
Shannon’s Logic Circuit
The Complex Number Calculator
1940
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Artificial Neural Networks
Colossus
Harvard Mark I
ENIAC
Delay Line Memory
Monte Carlo Method
Williams Tube
Association for Computing Machinery
Transistor
Cybernetics
Magnetic Drum
Claude Shannon's Information Theory
Short Code
EDSAC
Application Programming Interface
Whirlwind I
1950
Hamming Code
Magnetic Core Memory
Magnetic Tape
Ferranti Mark I
LEO I
UNIVAC I
A-0 Compiler
IBM 701
IBM 702
Assembly Language
IBM 650
IBM 704
Dartmouth Conference
IBM 350 RAMAC
IPL
TX-0
FORTRAN
Integrated Circuit
ALGOL
Lisp
DEC PDP-1
IBM 1401
COBOL
Machine Learning
Backus-Naur Form
1960
Quicksort
Bull Gamma 60
APL
Simula
SNOBOL
Spacewar!
ASCII
Bell 103 Modem
Music V
Sketchpad
GECOS
IBM System/360
BASIC
PL/I
IBM CP-40
Electronic Mail
Multics
DEC PDP-8
CDC 6600
ELIZA
Information Management System
LOGO
Read Only Memory
NLS
ARPANET
B
The First RFC
RAM
UNIX
1970
ALOHAnet
FORTH
Pascal
DEC PDP-11
B-tree
Floppy Disk
ed
File Transfer Protocol
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
C
Prolog
Smalltalk
IBM VM/370
Ethernet
TCP/IP
Telnet
The SQL Language
System R
Intel 8080
CP/M
Diffie-Hellman
Altair 8800
X.25
Cray-1
UUCP
Apple I
vi
DEC VAX-11
RSA
Apple II
Commodore P.E.T
Tandy TRS-80
Berkeley Software Distribution
Space Invaders
TeX
WordStar
dBASE
Ada
Usenet
VisiCalc
1980
Apple III
Intel 8086/8088
Smalltalk-80
UDP
Commodore VIC-20
WordPerfect
ICMP
Acorn BBC Micro
IBM PC-5150
MS-DOS
Osborne 1
LZW
AutoCAD
CD-ROM
Intel 80286
SMTP
Commodore 64
Sinclair ZX Spectrum
Thomson TO/MO
PostScript
SunOS
Agat
Apple Lisa
Coleco Adam
Compaq Portable
GNU Project
DNS
C++
Objective-C
IPX/SPX
SMB
Lotus 1-2-3
Microsoft Word
MSX
Novell NetWare
Oric-1
Amstrad CPC 464
Apple Macintosh
HP-UX
NFS
POP3
IBM PCjr
GNU Emacs
Microsoft Paint
X Window System
Intel 80386
AppleTalk
NTP
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Windows
Amstrad PCW
Atari 520 ST
Toshiba T1100
Aldus PageMaker
IBM AIX
Eiffel
Erlang
IMAP
NSFNet
SCSI
Bash
GIF
Perl
Self
Tcl
Acorn Archimedes
Apple Macintosh II
Commodore Amiga 500
Sharp X68000
OS/2
Unicode
FrameMaker
IBM AS/400
Internet Relay Chat
SNMP
ZIP
Intel 80486
Intel i960
World Wide Web
Microsoft Office
NeXTSTEP
1990
Adobe Photoshop
IBM PS/1
Haskell
HTML
Gopher
PCMCIA
MP3
WAVE
Python
Linux
Visual Basic
DEC OSF/1
Blowfish
JPEG
IBM ThinkPad
OpenGL
IBM Simon
Adobe PDF
Common Gateway Interface
FreeBSD
Intel Pentium
Lua
R
DHCP
NCSA Mosaic
Secure Socket Layer
Microsoft Windows NT 3.51
Apple Power Macintosh
CD-RW
IBM Aptiva
Netscape Navigator
World Wide Web Consortium
Yahoo!
AltaVista
Apache Web Server
BeOS
DVD
GPU
Microsoft Internet Explorer
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Ruby
SSH
Lynx
MySQL
RealPlayer
Sun UltraSPARC
Wiki
Microsoft Windows 95
Microsoft DirectX
ICQ
KDE
Cascading Style Sheets
Flash
OpenBSD
PostgreSQL
USB
VPN
Hotmail
Internet Archive
Wi-Fi
Google
VMware
Microsoft Windows 98
XML
GNOME
Bluetooth
MSN Messenger
RSS
SOAP
Transport Layer Security
Napster
Year 2000 Bug
2000
C#
FLAC
JSON
BitTorrent
Apple Mac OS X
SHA-256
Microsoft .NET Framework
Mozilla Firefox
Apple Xserve
Tor
Apple iTunes
Skype
WordPress
Xen
Apache Cassandra
Google Gmail
Scala
NGINX
OAuth
Git
Redis
YouTube
Amazon Web Services
Hadoop
jQuery
PowerShell
MongoDB
Apple iPhone
Clojure
F#
Groovy
Android
Google Chrome
HTML5
Memcached
OpenStack
Bitcoin
CouchDB
Node.js
Raspberry Pi
2010
Elasticsearch
HEIF
Rust
ChromeOS
NVMe
Dart
Kotlin
WebRTC
WebSocket
Go
Julia
TypeScript
Docker
SHA-3
Spark
Kubernetes
Swift
Kafka
GraphQL
TensorFlow
Accelerated Mobile Pages
Natural Language Processing
WebAssembly
WebAuthn
2020
Apple M1
Zig
Mojo
WebGPU
Epilogue
Before 1930
Binary System
Punch Card
Charles Babbage
Boolean Algebra
Submarine Cable
Herman Hollerith
1930
Vannevar Bush’s Differential Analyzer
Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem
The Turing Machine
The Z1 Mechanical Computer
Lambda Calculus
Shannon’s Logic Circuit
The Complex Number Calculator
1940
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
Artificial Neural Networks
Colossus
Harvard Mark I
ENIAC
Delay Line Memory
Monte Carlo Method
Williams Tube
Association for Computing Machinery
Transistor
Cybernetics
Magnetic Drum
Claude Shannon's Information Theory
Short Code
EDSAC
Application Programming Interface
Whirlwind I
1950
Hamming Code
Magnetic Core Memory
Magnetic Tape
Ferranti Mark I
LEO I
UNIVAC I
A-0 Compiler
IBM 701
IBM 702
Assembly Language
IBM 650
IBM 704
Dartmouth Conference
IBM 350 RAMAC
IPL
TX-0
FORTRAN
Integrated Circuit
ALGOL
Lisp
DEC PDP-1
IBM 1401
COBOL
Machine Learning
Backus-Naur Form
1960
Quicksort
Bull Gamma 60
APL
Simula
SNOBOL
Spacewar!
ASCII
Bell 103 Modem
Music V
Sketchpad
GECOS
IBM System/360
BASIC
PL/I
IBM CP-40
Electronic Mail
Multics
DEC PDP-8
CDC 6600
ELIZA
Information Management System
LOGO
Read Only Memory
NLS
ARPANET
B
The First RFC
RAM
UNIX
1970
ALOHAnet
FORTH
Pascal
DEC PDP-11
B-tree
Floppy Disk
ed
File Transfer Protocol
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
C
Prolog
Smalltalk
IBM VM/370
Ethernet
TCP/IP
Telnet
The SQL Language
System R
Intel 8080
CP/M
Diffie-Hellman
Altair 8800
X.25
Cray-1
UUCP
Apple I
vi
DEC VAX-11
RSA
Apple II
Commodore P.E.T
Tandy TRS-80
Berkeley Software Distribution
Space Invaders
TeX
WordStar
dBASE
Ada
Usenet
VisiCalc
1980
Apple III
Intel 8086/8088
Smalltalk-80
UDP
Commodore VIC-20
WordPerfect
ICMP
Acorn BBC Micro
IBM PC-5150
MS-DOS
Osborne 1
LZW
AutoCAD
CD-ROM
Intel 80286
SMTP
Commodore 64
Sinclair ZX Spectrum
Thomson TO/MO
PostScript
SunOS
Agat
Apple Lisa
Coleco Adam
Compaq Portable
GNU Project
DNS
C++
Objective-C
IPX/SPX
SMB
Lotus 1-2-3
Microsoft Word
MSX
Novell NetWare
Oric-1
Amstrad CPC 464
Apple Macintosh
HP-UX
NFS
POP3
IBM PCjr
GNU Emacs
Microsoft Paint
X Window System
Intel 80386
AppleTalk
NTP
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Windows
Amstrad PCW
Atari 520 ST
Toshiba T1100
Aldus PageMaker
IBM AIX
Eiffel
Erlang
IMAP
NSFNet
SCSI
Bash
GIF
Perl
Self
Tcl
Acorn Archimedes
Apple Macintosh II
Commodore Amiga 500
Sharp X68000
OS/2
Unicode
FrameMaker
IBM AS/400
Internet Relay Chat
SNMP
ZIP
Intel 80486
Intel i960
World Wide Web
Microsoft Office
NeXTSTEP
1990
Adobe Photoshop
IBM PS/1
Haskell
HTML
Gopher
PCMCIA
MP3
WAVE
Python
Linux
Visual Basic
DEC OSF/1
Blowfish
JPEG
IBM ThinkPad
OpenGL
IBM Simon
Adobe PDF
Common Gateway Interface
FreeBSD
Intel Pentium
Lua
R
DHCP
NCSA Mosaic
Secure Socket Layer
Microsoft Windows NT 3.51
Apple Power Macintosh
CD-RW
IBM Aptiva
Netscape Navigator
World Wide Web Consortium
Yahoo!
AltaVista
Apache Web Server
BeOS
DVD
GPU
Microsoft Internet Explorer
Java
JavaScript
PHP
Ruby
SSH
Lynx
MySQL
RealPlayer
Sun UltraSPARC
Wiki
Microsoft Windows 95
Microsoft DirectX
ICQ
KDE
Cascading Style Sheets
Flash
OpenBSD
PostgreSQL
USB
VPN
Hotmail
Internet Archive
Wi-Fi
VMware
Microsoft Windows 98
XML
GNOME
Bluetooth
MSN Messenger
RSS
SOAP
Transport Layer Security
Napster
Year 2000 Bug
2000
C#
FLAC
JSON
BitTorrent
Apple Mac OS X
SHA-256
Microsoft .NET Framework
Mozilla Firefox
Apple Xserve
Tor
Apple iTunes
Skype
WordPress
Xen
Apache Cassandra
Google Gmail
Scala
NGINX
OAuth
Git
Redis
YouTube
Amazon Web Services
Hadoop
jQuery
PowerShell
MongoDB
Apple iPhone
Clojure
F#
Groovy
Android
Google Chrome
HTML5
Memcached
OpenStack
Bitcoin
CouchDB
Node.js
Raspberry Pi
2010
Elasticsearch
HEIF
Rust
ChromeOS
NVMe
Dart
Kotlin
WebRTC
WebSocket
Go
Julia
TypeScript
Docker
SHA-3
Spark
Kubernetes
Swift
Kafka
GraphQL
TensorFlow
Accelerated Mobile Pages
Natural Language Processing
WebAssembly
WebAuthn
2020
Apple M1
Zig
Mojo
WebGPU
Epilogue